In this study, chemical compositions of black seed meals samples were determined. 18 male weaning ZANDi lambs with an average body weight of 23.5 ±1.5 kg were used in a completely rANDomized design in three groups of six in individual pens. Experimental treatments were: 1) control (basal diet with 12% soybean meal AND without black seed meal), 2) diet containing 6% soybean meal AND 9% black seed meal AND 3) diet containing 18% black seed meal AND without soybean meal. The concentration of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, NDF, ADF, ADIN, AND crude ash of black seed meal samples were 97.53±0.58, 31.26±0.99, 15.16 ± 0.61, 25.95 ± 1.34, 14.2±0.80, 0.69±0.04 AND 5.07 ± 0.24, respectively. Replacement of soybean meal with black seed meal in the diet of experimental lambs had no effect on final body weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, dry matter intake, dressing percentage, tail AND total body fat deposition. Albumin AND total protein were higher for lambs fed by diet containing 18 % black seed meal compared to other treatments (P <0.05). However, the concentration of blood triglyceride, cholesterol AND urea nitrogen were not differed between experimental groups. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat AND protein were not affect by feeding of experimental diets. It seems that black seed meal can be used in the diet of fattening lambs up to 18% without adverse effect on PERFORMANCE AND nutrients digestibility of growing lambs.

An experiment was conducted under completely rANDomized design to study the effects of using different levels of probiotic (Biomin Imbo) on PERFORMANCE AND CARCASSes CHARACTERISTICs of broilers.400 day old cobb chicks were distributed into four treatment AND four replicate (each replicate with 25 mixed male AND female chicks) which were fed with stANDard feed supplemented with different levels of probiotic as (0.0, 0.05, 0.1 AND 0.15%) in starter, (0.0, 0.025, 0.05 AND 0.075%) in grower AND (0.0, 0.125, 0.025 AND 0.0375%) in finishing rations for 49 days. Daily weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, two bird's male AND female were selected rANDomly AND sacrificed for CARCASS CHARACTERISTICs purpose, production index AND livability were studied. Supplementations of probiotic had significant effects on PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICs of birds throughout of experimental period. The highest AND the lowest daily body weight gain of birds was observed in at terminating experimental periods fed diets containing 0.0375 percent probiotic AND control groups (82.51 AND 61.96g) respectively AND differences were significant (p<0.01). Nevertheless, same increasing trend in daily body weight gain were observed during experimental period. Significantly increasing trend in feed intake were observed in control groups where as, minimum feed intake referred to diet supplemented with probiotics at 0.025 percent (p<0.05). Optimal feed conversion were owed to enriched diet with probiotic at 0.0375 percent as compare to other experimental groups ((p<0.01). Best production Index was observed in treatment supplemented with probiotic at 0.0375 percent as compare to control groups (p<0.05). CARCASS CHARACTERISTICs was effected significantly by addition of probiotics (p<0.05). Nevertheless, the highest AND the lowest live weight to CARCASS weight ratio were owed to diets containing probiotic 0.0375 percent AND control groups (p<0.01). Probiotic Supplemented diets did not affect on birds live abilities through out the experiment.

In order to investigate the effect of inorganic selenium replacement with organic selenium from Spirulina algae on PERFORMANCE AND breast meat quality of broilers, a total of 160 one-day-old chicks were used in a completely rANDomized design with four treatments, eight replicates AND five birds per each replicate. The sources of selenium used included sodium selenite AND organic selenium from Spirulina algae which were replaced at two levels of 50 AND 100 percent. The organic selenium was produced by the culture of Spirulina algae AND its enrichment with selenium. The selenium content of different treatments was measured by ICP-Mass method. In this experiment, the feed intake AND body weight gain parameters were measured weekly AND feed conversion ratio was calculated. At 42 day of age, one bird was slaughtered from each replicate AND the weight of CARCASS ready to cook was measured. The breast meat was sampled for measurement of pH AND selenium storage. The results showed that it was not observed any significant difference in PERFORMANCE traits AND ready to cook CARCASS percentage among different treatments. There was no significant difference in breast muscle pH at 0 AND 24 hours after slaughtering. The amount of selenium deposited in breast muscle of birds fed organic selenium had significant increase when compared with other treatments (P<0.05). Generally, the results of this study showed that 100% replacement of sodium selenite with organic selenium from Spirulina algae led to increase in breast muscle selenium deposition without reduction in bird PERFORMANCE.

Thirty-six culled male Lori- Bakhtiari lambs, with the average body weight of 53.2±6.15 kg AND 270±20 days of age were used in order to study fattening PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICs by feeding of Urea Treated Rice Straw (UTRS) for alfalfa hay replacement. Animals were assigned as a completely rANDomized design using three diets with 0, 50, AND 100% UTRS, respectively, AND were substituted on dry weight basis. The diets contained 2.4 Mcal/kg DM metabolizable energy, 13% crude protein for fattening period lasted 80 days after adaptation. The diets fed to animals on the whole meal AND adlib consumed at three times a day (6.00, 12.00, 18.00). The means of daily food use was recorded. At the end of the experiment, four lambs from each group were rANDomly slaughtered for evaluation of physical CARCASS CHARACTERISTIC. The mean average daily gain for treatments 1, 2 AND 3 were 163,143 AND 112 (±17) g, respectively, AND the difference between treatment 1 AND 3 was significant (P<0.05). Dry matter feed intake for the treatments 1, 2, AND 3 were 1.9, 1.75 AND 1.48 kg/day, respectively, but the differences were only significant between treatment 3 AND treatments 1 AND 2. The means feed conversion for treatments 1, 2 AND 3 were 12.5, 14.8 AND 14 (±1.9), respectively, but the differences were not significant. The treatments had no significant effect on the means dressing percentage, meat, bone, AND subcutaneous fat AND tail fat weight. It can be concluded that use AND feeding of UTRS up to 50% of alfalfa in the diet of fattening lambs can be useful.

A complete rANDomized experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of mannanoligosaccharides (0, 1, 2 AND 3 g/kg into the basal diets) on growth PERFORMANCE, CARCASS CHARACTERISTIC AND blood lipid profile in broiler chicks. Six hundred one day old Ross 308 broiler chicks were rANDomly assigned into 5 treatments. Each treatment consisted of 6 replicates AND there were 20 chicks in each replicate. In this experiment, avilamicin antibiotic (10 mg/kg into the basal diet) was used as a positive control. The obtained in results starter period showed that, none of the growth PERFORMANCE parameters affected by adding prebiotic. Adding avilamicin also did not affect the parameters under study. By adding 2 AND 3 g/kg prebiotic or avilamicin into basal diet weight gain improved as compared with control diet (P<0.05) AND feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in diet supplemented by 3 g/kg prebiotic or avilamicin in comparison with control diet (P<0.05). In finisher period, supplementing 2 AND 3 g/kg prebiotic or avilamicin to the diet at the final growth period improved feed conversion ratio AND weight gain significantly (P<0.05) as compared with the control diet. Addition 2 AND 3 g/kg prebiotic to the diet decreased abdominal fat pad (as a percentage of live weight) significantly as compared with control diet, but its difference with diet supplemented by avilamicin was not significant. Only, in diet supplemented by 3 g/kg prebiotic the level of serum cholesterol was lower as compared with control diet (P<0.05). It seems that the best levels of mannanoligosaccharides were 2 AND 3 g/kg of broiler diets.

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of adding a mixture of peppermint, thyme AND rosemary essential oils (EOs) in a ratio of (3:1:2), respectively, to the diet, on growth PERFORMANCE, rumen AND blood parameters of fattening lambs. Twenty-one Mehraban lambs with an average weight of 29.80 kg were rANDomly allocated to one of three diets: 1) control, 2) base diet+1.25ml of EOs AND 3) base diet+2.5ml of EOs. Daily weight gain was greater in the groups receiving the EOs than in the control, although this increase was mainly due to the interactions of treatment over time. Feed consumption AND feed conversion ratio compared to the control did not altered. The total concentrations of VFAs AND acetate in the groups receiving EOs decreased (P<0.05), while the concentration of propionate increased (P<0.05) at the level of 2.5ml of EOs AND isovalerate increased (P<0.05) in both levels of EOs compared to the control. Total population of protozoa, rumen pH AND ammonia nitrogen concentration were not affected by treatments. Glucose concentration increased at high level of EOs (P<0.05). Concentrations of urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, total protein AND albumin did not altered. The number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, number AND percentage of white cells including lymphocytes AND eosinophils were not affected by treatments but the percentage of monocytes decreased (P<0.05) at low level of the EOs. The results of this experiment showed that the addition of mixture of EOs to the diet did not have a significant effect on PERFORMANCE parameters AND immune system of lambs, although it reduced the total concentration of VFA AND acetate AND increased the concentration of propionate.

Introduction: Iran has good condition in fruit production among all countries in the world. Lemon, grape AND apple are fruits that are produced in large scale in our country. For economical use of these fruits, there are different factories which produce fruit juices. Pulps are the main waste that remain after juicing fruits. Pulps contain some nutrients such as vitamins AND minerals AND secondary substances, also in contrast to common diets ingredients, there are very cheap AND using them in diets may reduce the production price. As pulps contain high level of fiber, can be easily used without any adverse effects in ruminant, but in poultry, especially in broilers using higher level of pulps may be not possible. However, using low level of pulps do not have any adverse effects on PERFORMANCE AND blood parameters AND can improve the meat quality AND blood biochemical AND immune parameters. Moreover discharge of these wastes to environment can cause serious environmental problems. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of lemon, grape AND apple pulps on PERFORMANCE, CARCASS traits, digestive tract CHARACTERISTIC, intestinal morphology AND immune status of broilers.Materials AND Methods: In this experiment 240 Ross-308 broilers were used in 5 treatments, 4 replicates AND 12 chicks in each replicate in a completely rANDomized design. Experimental groups included: 1) control group (without using pulp), 2) group with 150 mg/kg vitamin E (as positive control group), 3) group with 3% lemon pulp, 4) group with 3% grape pulp, 5) group with 3% apple pulp. Grower diets from 11 to 24 days AND finisher diets from 25 to 42 days were used by broilers. In the experimental periods all chickens in experimental groups had free accsess to feed AND water. The lighting program included: 23 h light AND 1 h darkness in all the experimental period. Feed intake AND weight gain were measured at the end of growing AND finishing AND whole periods. Feed conversion ratio was measured by dividing the amount of feed intake to the amount of weight gain. CARCASS quality traits, digestive tract CHARACTERISTIC, intestinal morphology AND immune condition of broilers were measured at the end of experimental period.Results AND Discussion: Grape AND apple pulps significantly improved the feed conversion ratio (P<0.05), whereas lemon pulp AND vitamin E in contrast to control group had no significant effects on the PERFORMANCE of broilers (P>0.05). The main reasons for these results may be related to the amount of vitamin E in the diet, the mixing condition of feed, diet preserving time AND thermal condition during preserving AND using diet, AND the amount of fat in diet. Using lemon, grape AND apple pulps in contrast to vitamin E AND control groups, caused the percentages of CARCASS AND breast meat increase AND the percentages of gizzard AND liver decrease (P<0.05). Experimental diets had not effects on digestive tract CHARACTERISTIC, intestinal morphology AND immune condition of broilers (P<0.05). Pulps contain some nutrients such as vitamins AND minerals AND secondary substances. Most of these compounds have beneficial effects on the intestinal microorganisms population, level of intestinal pH AND finally body health. So, using these pulps in diets caused broilers effective use of their essential contents AND improve their body AND health condition, so feed conversion ratio AND CARCASS traits significantly improved in groups used pulps in contrast to control AND group contain vitamin E, but other measured parameters did not significantly chang at the end of experiment period. It may be related to pulp levels, experimental period length, pulps composition, other diets ingredients AND farm management.Conclusion: The overall results of current study showed that in broiler chickens, using 3% of lemon, grape AND apple pulps without having any effects on the digestive tract CHARACTERISTIC, intestinal morphology AND immune condition can improve the PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS traits. For more information, using other levels, other sources, upgrading of pulps by using different chemical agents AND physical methods AND mixing different pulps to each other with consideration of economically points is recommended. As laying hens have developed digestive tract in contrast to broilers, they can tolerate higher levels of different kinds of pulps in their diets.

The study objective was to evaluate the effects of reducing dietary starch content in fresh cow diets while maintaining NDF levels by substituting barley grain (BG), corn silage (CS), or both with beet pulp (BP) on DMI, lactation PERFORMANCE, serum mineral AND metabolites concentrations, liver enzymes AND liver functionality index (LFI), serum insulin AND revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI). Thirty-six multiparous cows were rANDomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental diets from calving to 21 days in lactation. Experimental diets were a high-starch diet with ground BG (CO; 24.9% starch; 0% BP) AND 3 low-starch diets where BP substituted for either BG (BB; 19.6% starch; 7% BP), CS (BC; 20.6% starch; 12% BP) or CS AND BG (BCB; 20.3% starch; 12% BP). Relative to CO cows (16.50 kg/d), DMI was greater for BC (17.70 kg/d) AND BCB (17.50 kg/d) cows, but it was lesser in BB (15.60 kg/d) cows. Similar to DMI results, milk yields tended to be greater for BC (37.89 kg/d) AND BCB cows (37.81 kg/d) compared to CO cows (35.41 kg/d), but BB cows (33.05 kg/d) tended to produce less milk than CO cows. Relative to CO, cows fed BB had lower serum glucose concentrations, whereas cows fed BC AND BCB had higher serum glucose. Serum insulin concentrations were lower for BB cows than for other exprimental groups. Relative to CO, serum NEFA AND BHB concentrations were lower for BC AND BCB, but was similar between BB AND CO. The RQUICKI was lower for CO, BC cows than BB cows, AND cows in BCB tended to have less RQUICKI compared to BB during postpartum. The concentrations of gamma glutamyl transferase were lower in BC AND BCB cows relative to CO AND BB cows. The cows fed CO AND BB had higher serum bilirubin relative to cows fed BC AND BCB diets. Although, LFI for CO cows was similar to cows on BB, BC AND BCB, BC cows had higher LFI than BB cows AND tended to have greater LFI than CO cows. Overall, reducing dietary starch by replacing CS (BC) or a mix of CS AND BG (BCB) with BP positively affected DMI AND milk yield AND indicated improved energy metabolism AND liver function during the first 21 d of lactation compared to when BP was fed instead of BG to reduce starch (BB).

An experiment was conducted to assess the influences of different growth promoters on PERFORMANCE, CARCASS CHARACTERISTIC AND intestinal microflora of broiler. Day-old broiler chicks from Arian strain (384) were used in the completely rANDomized experimental design during 7-42 days of age. Eight rations were formulated as a follow 1: control (without growth promoters), 2-control+formic acid (0.25%), 3-control+viginamycin (250 g/ton), 4-Contro+saccharomycis cerevisiae (0.1%), 5-Control+viginamycin (250 g/ton)+formic acid (0.25%), 6- Control+viginamycin (250 g/ton)+formic acid (0.25%), 7- Control+viginamycin (250 g/ton)+saccharomycis cerevisiae (0.1%), 8- Control+viginamycin (250 g/ton)+ saccharomycis cerevisiae (0.1%). The treatments with 3 repetition AND 16 birds per parcel were used. The formulated rations were fed to 384 day-old Arian. Each treatments consisted 3 replicate with 16 birds per parcel. Obtained results indicated that formic acid had no significant effects on all measured parameters, nevertheless supplementation of diet with antibiotic significantly (p<0.05) enhanced all deliberated parameters. Better weight gain (p<0.05), fed conversion ratio, CARCASS CHARACTERISTIC AND lower abdominal fat was observed when diet was supplemented with antibiotic alone. Growth promoters, especially saccharomycis cerevisiae AND viginamycin significantly reduced E.coli in digestive tract of birds.

In this experiment, the effect of garlic (GP) AND tomato (TP) powders on PERFORMANCE, blood parameters, sex differentiation AND hatchability of Ross-308 broiler breeders were examined AND compared with In-Ovo injection of garlic or tomato hydroalcoholic extracts. In first experiment, 375 hens AND 25 roosters (47 wk.) were rANDomly allocated to 5 treatments AND 5 replicates, for 4 weeks. Treatments included: 1) basal diet (control), 2 AND 3) basal diet+ 2 AND 4 percent of GP, AND 4 AND 5) basal diet + 2 AND 4 percent of TP, respectively. In second experiment, 200 hens AND 20 roosters were rANDomly allocated to 2 treatments including 1) basal diet AND 2) basal diet + 4% of TP (selected treatment of the Exp. 1) in 5 replications from 52-56 wk. During incubation period, experimental treatments included: 1) control group, 2) eggs from hens fed 4% TP, 3) In-Ovo injection of physiological serum AND 4 AND 5) In-Ovo injection of 0.1 AND 0.3 ml of garlic AND tomato hydroalcoholic extracts. The results of first experiment, adding garlic AND tomato powders was not significant on egg qualitative traits AND blood parameters (P>0.05). All In-Ovo injection treatments increased fertility percentage (P<0.05). The second experiment results showed that treatments had no significant effect on the percent of males AND females (P>0.05). In general, addition of 4 percent tomato powder to broiler breeders in comparison to In-Ovo injection of hydroalcoholic extracts of garlic AND tomato, did not increase male 1-d-old chicks’ percentage of hatched chicks.